CLAVE 1 / 4962,634 km² of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone are now subject to US seabed mining applications, nearly 80% the size of all ISA exploration contracts.
CLAVE 2 / 4American firms filed nine applications in just 18 months, compared with 25 years taken by the ISA to issue its 32 licences.
CLAVE 3 / 479,213 km² of US claims overlap with ISA reserves meant to benefit developing nations.
CLAVE 4 / 4NOAA’s Kim Doster cites the 1980 Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act as legal grounds for unilateral licensing.
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